METHODS OF USING NANOPARTICLE-BASED MODIFIED ELECTRODES

Abstract

In recent years, the use of nanoparticle-based modified electrodes has attracted significant attention in the fields of electrochemical analysis, biosensors, environmental monitoring, and pharmaceutical analysis. This article discusses various methods of electrode surface modification using nanoparticles, their role in enhancing electron conductivity, and their importance in improving analytical sensitivity. Furthermore, modification methods employing gold, silver, copper, oxide-based (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₃O₄), and carbon-based (graphene, nanotubes) nanoparticles are analyzed. The results indicate that the use of nanoparticle-modified electrodes accelerates electrochemical processes, increases the number of active surface sites, and lowers the detection limit.